In Europe and North America, the idealization of separate spheres emerged during the Industrial Revolution. Women's "proper sphere", according to the ideology, is the realm of domestic life, focused on childcare, housekeeping and religion. The patriarchal ideology of separate spheres, based primarily on notions of biologically determined gender roles and/or patriarchal religious doctrine, claims that women should avoid the public sphere – the domain of politics, paid work, commerce and law. This observation may be controversial and is often also seen as supporting patriarchal ideologies that seek to create or strengthen any such separation between spheres and to confine women to the domestic/private sphere. Terms such as separate spheres and domestic–public dichotomy refer to a social phenomenon within modern societies that feature, to some degree, an empirical separation between a domestic or private sphere and a public or social sphere.
The Sinews of Old England (1857) by George Elgar Hicks shows a couple "on the threshold" between female and male spheres.
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